ブックタイトルRILAS 早稲田大学総合人文科学研究センター研究誌

概要

RILAS 早稲田大学総合人文科学研究センター研究誌

WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 3 (2015. 10)大蔵経の歴史とその背景大蔵経の歴史とその背景辛尚桓The History and Background of the TripitakasSangwhan SHINAbstractThis paper investigates the history of the Tripitakas in various Buddhist traditions. Literally, Tripitakameans‘three baskets,’Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma; however, the term is used to refer to all of the BuddhistCanons, including the major commentaries of great Buddhist philosophers. Written in variouslanguages, including Sanskrit, Pali, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchurian, these documents revealBuddhist thought and languages, as well as several cultural aspects. The spread of Buddhism throughoutvarious areas ultimately culminated in the composition of the Tripitakas as an amalgamation of national andinternational cultures.The Tripitakas are generally divided into the Southern or Pali tradition, and the Northern or Chinese andTibetan traditions. Previously handed down orally, the Southern tradition was only written down in the 19thcentury by the Pali Text Society, which transcribed the text onto palm-leaf manuscripts in Sri Lanka. TheNorthern tradition, so-called Mah?y?na Buddhism, is divided into the Chinese and Tibetan traditions. Thewooden block printing that appeared in China in the 8th century provided the technology for the transcriptionof the Chinese Tripitakas. The North Song Dynasty Edition compiled in the 10th century was composed1,076 sections, 5,048 volumes, and 13,000 printing blocks. In the wooden block printing period, the Koreantradition regarded the Chinese Tripitakas as orthodox; however, as the technology of typography developed,the Daijo Tripitaka was compiled. This was regarded as the most orthodox version until the last century.Another main stream of the Northern tradition, the Tibetan Tripitaka is well known for its massive volumes.Three times larger than the Daijo Tripitaka, these also preserve the later developed Indian Buddhism, especiallyTantric Buddhism.Both the Southern and Northern Tripitakas have been compiled and printed in modern book form since thelast century, and have lately been re-edited for the internet generation. Thus, a computerized World Tripitakaunifying the different traditions can soon be expected.1はじめに「三つのカゴ(Three Baskets)」の意味を持つ、トリ・ピタカ(Tri-pitaka)は、漢訳仏教圏では「三蔵」とよく称される「大蔵経」を指すものである。「三蔵」、すなわち、「三つの蔵」には、仏陀が45年間にわたり教え続けたといわれる、①経蔵(SutraPitaka)と、②戒律および戒律の解説書にあたる律蔵(Vinaya Pitaka)、③経を初めとする多数の形而上学的な質問への答え・解釈といえる論蔵(AbhidharmaPitaka)が含まれる。大蔵経は、大乗仏教の根幹をなした、インドの龍樹と無着などの論師による多数の文献をはじめ、東アジア各国における論師の注釈も多数含んでいるため、仏教の思想・哲学などを直接反映しているものとされている。これをもとに、サンスクリット語、359